A to believe that

A to believe that
they believe that P; and b the retention of that procedure is for them conditional on the assumption that at least some other members of G have that same procedure in their repertoires. I think what is supposed to overcome obstacle 1 is the combination of a and b; that the relevant procedure is widespread in the community and that individual members of the community rely on the other members to maintain that procedure as well. This seems exactly right. But now the trick will be to go from the analysis of unstructured-utterance meaning to ordinary sentence meaning, since ordinary English sentences are all structured. Grice brings in the notion of a ?resultant? procedure. At this point Grice?s article becomes dense and obscure, but I think the idea is this: Just as English sentences are made up of smaller meaningful parts words and phrases in virtue of which the whole sentences mean what they mean, an individual speaker will have in her/his repertoire a complex, abstract 96 Theories of meaning ?resultant procedure? made up of the concrete procedures attaching to its respective composite parts. Thus, a sentence?s meaning will not be directly a function of speaker-meaning, but rather a function of the individual utterance meanings of its ultimate parts. Only then will the core Gricean idea, and crucially his analysis of utterance meaning for a group, be invoked as explicating the utterance meanings of the parts. I emphasize ?abstract resultant procedure,? because very few of those ?abstract? procedures will ever actually occur. And it is that feature that will help Grice with obstacles 2?3. For the theme of those obstacles is that unuttered and novel sentences do not correspond to any actual speaker-meanings. But at least arguably, they do correspond to the hypothetical speaker-meanings that would be generated by Coach Factory Outlet Canada Grice?s abstract resultant procedures. The appeal to abstract procedures may also help to overcome obstacle 4: Even though a certain sentence?s literal meaning is never matched by any actual speaker-meaning, it may still correspond Coach Bags Canada to a hypothetical resultant speakermeaning. Yet I believe that this absolutely necessary appeal betrays the spirit of the Gricean program. Coach Outlet Canada In effect, it gives the game away to a competing theory of Coach Purses Canada meaning; I shall argue that in 9. Summary According to Grice, linguistic expressions have meaning only because they express ideas or intentions of the speakers who use them. ?Speaker-meaning? is, roughly, what the speaker in uttering a given sentence on a particular occasion intends to convey to a hearer. Grice offers an analysis of speaker-meaning in terms of speakers? intentions, beliefs, and other Coach Outlet psychological states, and has tenably refined that analysis in the light of many objections. Grice has also offered an analysis of a sentence?s own meaning in terms of speaker-meaning. That analysis overcomes some severe obstacles, but seemingly only by conceding too much to competing theories of sentence meaning. Questions Can you help Grice avoid one or more of objections. Can you think of further objections to Grice?s theory of speakermeaning? 3 Discuss Grice?s ?first stage?; will his elaborate method of reducing sentence meaning to speaker-meaning work?Psychological theories: Grice?s program 97 Further reading Schiffer 1972 is the classic working-out of Grice?s view. See also Gilbert Harman?s review 1974a, and Avramides 1989. Related works of Grice?s own are collected in Grice 1989. Bennett 1976 is a valuable defense of the Gricean project by one who was not an insider. MacKay 1972, Black 1973, Rosenberg 1974: ch. 2, and Biro 1979 are critical of Grice. Verificationism Overview According to the Verification Theory, a sentence is meaningful if and only if its being true would make some difference to the course of our future experience; an experientially unverifiable sentence or ?sentence? is meaningless.

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